Thousands of coal miners are dying from an advanced form of black lung disease, and federal regulators could have prevented it if they had paid closer attention to their own data.
That's the conclusion of a joint NPR/Frontline investigation that aired last month and continues Tuesday night on PBS.
The regulatory system that is supposed to protect coal miners from exposure to toxic silica dust failed to prevent dangerous exposures more than 21,000 times since 1986, according to data collected by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and analyzed by NPR/Frontline.
And while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health counted 115 cases of advanced black lung nationwide through its monitoring program from 2010 to 2018, NPR and Frontline identified more than 2,300 cases by contacting health clinics across Appalachia.
Federal regulations for silica dust in coal mines haven't changed in decades, even as mining has changed. But since the NPR/Frontline report, some are calling for a new response.
A call for congressional hearings
Rep. Bobby Scott, D-Va., the chair of the U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor, says he will schedule congressional hearings on the epidemic of advanced black lung disease and the regulatory failures cited by the NPR/Frontline investigation. "Congress has no choice but to step in and direct MSHA and the mining industry to take timely action," Scott said in a statement.
Mandatory testing for working miners
The epidemic has some urging mandatory testing of working coal miners so that signs of black lung can be detected early.
"This is a public health crisis of major magnitude," says Joseph Wolfe, an attorney in Norton, Va., who represents miners filing for government black lung benefits.
"There are people literally working in the mines right now, hundreds of them ... that have complicated black lung that do not have a clue."
NIOSH is generally limited by law to testing working miners only, and the program is voluntary. Nationwide, only a third of working coal miners get tested. In Kentucky, just 17 percent show up.
Mandatory testing was long opposed by miner advocates because, they reasoned, no persons should be forced to undergo a medical procedure against their will. Miners also told NPR they feared losing their jobs if coal companies learned of positive signs of the disease.
The epidemic has softened that resistance, to a point. The United Mine Workers union now supports mandatory testing as long as results remain confidential.
The mining industry wants mandatory testing of all miners at regular intervals.
"We need to know what's happening to miners during their working career," says Bruce Watzman, who represented the National Mining Association for more than three decades.
Disease "may be occurring yet we're ignorant to that. How in this day and age can any of us be satisfied with a regulatory structure that operates like that?" Watzman asks.
Declaring a public health emergency
Wolfe believes the federal agencies that are supposed to protect and help coal miners aren't doing enough quickly enough. He advocates the declaration of a public health emergency and mobilization of teams of X-ray technicians to swarm coal mines with portable lung X-ray vans.
"The house is on fire and nobody's putting it out," Wolfe says. "I mean nobody is even telling people there's a fire."
"If you had 400 cases of E. coli ... they would flood the area with their technicians and doctors and nurses checking people's health," Wolfe adds.
NIOSH doesn't have the authority to declare a public health emergency, says David Weissman, who directs the agency division that studies black lung disease and tests miners. Only the secretary of health and human services can issue that declaration.
Weissman notes that miners with disease can get care at federally funded black lung clinics, through Medicare or with the assistance of state or federal black lung benefits programs.
"Since NIOSH is not a health care provider for coal miners," Weissman adds, "we cannot comment on potential gaps in health care" that might be addressed by an infusion of funds from a public health emergency declaration.
New technology for detecting excess silica
A device now in mandatory use in coal mines measures, in real time, the amount of coal dust in mine air. But it is not capable of measuring silica particles in the air miners breathe.
Samples from a different device must be sent to an MSHA lab for silica testing, and it can take up to three weeks to get results. Excessive exposures may continue for dozens of shifts in the meantime.
So NIOSH has developed a new silica monitoring system that can provide results at the end of a miner's shift.
"In a matter of a couple of minutes we have a result instead of waiting days or weeks," says Emanuele Cauda, an engineer working in the mine safety division at NIOSH.
The system was made available to coal mines late in 2018. It uses existing off-the-shelf devices, but they're expensive — ranging from $10,000 to $20,000 each — and implementing the system is voluntary.
The holy grail of silica sampling is a monitor that reads exposure in real time. NIOSH is working on that but says a working model is years away.
The Frontline film Coal's Deadly Dust, produced in partnership with NPR, airs Tuesday, Jan. 22, at 10 p.m. ET/9 p.m. CT on PBS stations nationwide and will be available at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/coals-deadly-dust/.
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